In Copenhagen, it was revealed a few years ago that racist customers who didn't want a muslim taxi driver told the central when ordering a cab that they were 'bringing a large dog', and the operators at the centrals knew and respected this as the secret code that the customer wanted an ethnic Danish driver. This is obviously illegal but I dont know whether they stopped the practise.
OT: Sorry, that made me laugh...I can't even imagine how that would even work in New York...you'd be waiting forever to get a ride; the Redditor mentions a previous name analysis of drivers (TLC releases names/licenses of taxi drivers as another dataset) indicating that maybe half of all NYC taxi drivers are Muslim.
After living in New York, I have a Pollyannish belief that if you were inclined to be unconsciously racist...you'd give up that inclination in day-to-day life...or else, how could you cope with the sensory/panic overload? Everyday you're exposed to hundreds, sometimes thousands of people of every ethnicity and religion, just being normal.
Despite the diversity of NYC as a whole, my anecdotal experiences suggest that people can still harbor those sorts of unconscious thoughts while living their entire lives in a "diverse" city. I say "diverse" because there are lots of enclaves in NYC, sometimes with stark divides across streets. (See the Dot Map [1]). Outside of gentrifying/gentrified areas like Long Island City or Prospect Heights, or white flight areas like Morris Park, neighborhoods look rather homogeneous. (Exercise for the reader: see if you can find out where the Landmark/Historic Districts are in Brooklyn.)
Unfortunately, last time it was posted, it was noted that that map has drawing bias. The dots are drawn in order of race, not randomly, and so the earliest color dots are underrepresented and the later dots overrepresented. I'm afraid I can't remember the which order they are drawn in. Just something to keep in mind.
Interesting, I wasn't aware of that, thanks for bringing it up. From the code[0], it looks like it's drawn in the order [White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, Other]. You're definitely right, that would skew things.
"or else, how could you cope with the sensory/panic overload?"
Leave your apartment, walk past some people that you just know are stupider than you, get a coffee served to you by some guy you just know is less hygienic than you are, when you park your bike make sure you lock it because some of the people nearby have criminal tendencies.
What overload? What panic? Some people carry these attitudes around with them all day, every day, and they don't panic about it.
It probably comforts and reassures them, knowing that they are intrinsically smarter/more hygienic/law-abiding than other people. And they don't even have to prove it!
Is there any research as to whether racist attitudes correlate more with perceived superiority or with fear? I wonder if this varies, e.g., by country.
> After living in New York, I have a Pollyannish belief that if you were inclined to be unconsciously racist...you'd give up that inclination in day-to-day life...or else, how could you cope with the sensory/panic overload?
I don't think that subconscious racism really works like that. I doubt that those types of racists are afraid of other races in that sense; they don't think that their cab driver is carrying a briefcase full of C4 in the trunk. They probably just have negative prejudices against 'em ("they're dumb", "their food smells", "they're just here to steal jobs").
And for every positive and neutral experience, they'd be likely to have a negative one as well - and they'd filter out and ignore the positives, while giving more credence to the negatives.
Or the unconscious becomes conscious. I've known lots of people who are (a) around plenty of people outside their race and creed every day and (b) racist as fuck.
Keeping a dog or coming in contact of a Dog is a taboo in Islam. So, the passengers were possibly using that as a trick to keep Muslim cab drivers disinterested in selling them a ride. It may not be illegal if the cab drivers had stated beforehand about their preference of not serving customers with dogs.
Many Muslim jurists consider dogs to be ritually unclean. (najis)[29] However, "jurists from the Sunni Maliki School disagree with the idea that dogs are unclean."[30] Individual fatāwā ("rulings") have indicated that dogs be treated kindly or otherwise released[31] and earlier Islamic literature often portrayed dogs as symbols of highly esteemed virtues such as self-sacrifice and loyalty, which, in the hands of despotic and unjust rulers, become oppressive instruments.[29]
Abou El Fadl "found it hard to believe that the same God who created such companionable creatures would have his prophet declare them 'unclean', stating that animosity towards dogs "reflected views far more consistent with pre-Islamic Arab customs and attitudes".[32] Furthermore, "he found that a hadith from one of the most trustworthy sources tells how the Prophet himself had prayed in the presence of his playfully cavorting dogs.
It's not that it's a taboo, it's the fact they break the persons Wudo (abulution to gain ritual purity). What this means practically is you would need to change your clothes and perform abulution if you wanted to pray; which you do, five times a day. Now day to day working life, this can be difficult, finding a toilet/mosque etc. So it's easier to stay clear of dogs. Muslims don't hate dogs per se (obviously there will be culture bias), or any other animal. We are told to respect all living beings including trees. -- Source - I'm a muslim, though there's probably a lot i've missed, and not an expert.
